The following techniques are used:
- Seismic methods, such as reflection seismology, seismic refraction, refraction microtremor
- (ReMi) and seismic tomography.
- Magnetotellurics
- Scientific drilling
- Transient electromagnetic (EM) (see, e.g. Geonics instruments)
- Radio frequency electromagnetic propagation (e.g., ground penetrating radar)
- Electrical techniques, including Electrical resistivity tomography and induced polarization
- Magnetic techniques, including aeromagnetic surveys and magnetometers.
- Gravity and Gravity Gradiometry
- Geodesy
- Remote sensing
- Seismoelectrical Method
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